Irregular Menstruation: Causes and Treatment

Irregular Menstruation - Menstruation is a healthy experience of a women’s life, and it must come habitually every 28 days, for a period of 3-4 days without coagulating, and the blood loss should correspond to about a quarter of a cup. For a woman, menstrual cycle is a virtuous indicator of her overall wellbeing. Some women get irregular periods that appear at longer intervals, an unpredictable discrepancy in the duration of the cycle and the normal twenty-eight day cycle is missing. Some women have very insignificant problems with menstrual cycles, while others experience a monthly torture.

Irregular menses is typical in early puberty and not generally perturbing. Women should be alarmed when periods are spaced out for more than two months, as this may suggest hormonal imbalance and ovulation problems. A woman’s customary hormonal cycle is contingent upon a subtle equilibrium between different hormones. Several potential triggers can stimulate hormonal imbalance leading to irregular menses. 

Intestinal Worms: Caused, Treatment, and Prevention

Intestinal Worms - Infection by intestinal parasitic worms (geohelminths) is widespread throughout the world, affecting millions of people.  Children are particularly susceptible and typically have the largest number of worms, which cause a number of health problems; making them unwell, affecting their physical and mental development, and affecting their attendance and performance at school.

WHAT PROBLEMS DO THEY CAUSE?

As numbers of worms build up over time, many of the health problems caused by these worms are chronic and can be long lasting.  The worms can cause malnutrition, as they rob the body of food through loss of appetite so the children eat less, or through stopping the food being absorbed properly once it has been eaten.  Children with chronic worm infections and large numbers of worms may be stunted and underweight.  Heavy infections with roundworm can also cause bowel obstruction. 

Intestinal worms can also contribute to anaemia, especially hookworm, which causes bleeding in the intestines and loss of blood.  The larger the number of worms, the more likely they are to make the children ill, which can also lead to the children  missing school, and doing less well when they are at school.  Chronic infections can lead to long term retardation of mental and physical development, and in very severe infections, even death.

HOW DO PEOPLE BECOME INFECTED WITH WORMS?

Amenorrhea Diagnosed and Treatment

Amenorrhea may be defined as the absence of menstruation for 3 or more month in women with past menses (designated secondary amenorrhea) or the absence of menarche (i.e., the onset of menses) by the age of 16 years in girls who have never menstruated (termed primary amenorrhea). The term postpill amenorrhea is often used to refer to women who do not menstruate within 3 month of discontinuing oral contraceptives. The absence of menstruation is physiologic in prepubertal girls, during pregnancy and lactation, and following the menopause.

Etiology Of Amenorrhea

a) Anatomic abnormalities of the genital tract that prevent or obstruct menstrual bleeding include developmental anomalies (e.g., transverse vaginal septum), intrauterine adhesions (Asherman syndrome), or cervical obstruction (stenosis).

Abnormal Uterine Bleeding: Diagnosed and Treatment

What is Abnormal Period 

The menstrual history is critical to the diagnosis of abnormal bleeding. The first day of the last menstrual periods should be determined. Age of onset of menses (menarche) is also obtained, and the patient should be asked to quantify whether she considers  her flow to be light, moderate, or heavy; some assessment of menstrual blood loss should be obtained if the patient states that her flow is heavy. 

The patient may be asked to estimate the total number of pads or tampons used during a menstrual period or to estimate the frequency with which they require changing. In addition, patients should be asked about any bleeding between periods, and an effort should be made to determine whether the bleeding, even if regular, is associated with ovulation. The latter can be assessed by inquiring about the presence of regular moliminal symptoms, including premenstrual breast tenderness, bloating, premenstrual syndrome, and dysmenorrhea.

Effects of Abortion on The Adolescent

The Psychological Effects of Abortion on the Adolescent

Pre abortion Psychological Effects 

Teenagers that face an abortion show different psychological symptoms or disorders than those that have gone through with an abortion. Teenagers facing the crisis of the decision as to whether to choose an abortion or not is often influenced by concerns for the physical changes that may take place in their body (Reisser 1999: 193). 

 

An unwanted pregnancy causes an internal distress with the fear of rejection from parents as well as the social stigmatism that goes with being a teenager and pregnant (Engelbrecht 2005: 9). There is also the social dilemma’s that face society in terms of normative behavior of having a child out of wedlock. The teenager may also want to seek the quickest and easiest way out of the crisis without perceiving the possible consequences because of the nature of the crisis (Hyam 2002: 3).

Post Abortion Psychological Effects 

Conjunctivitis Treatment, Caused and Symptoms

Conjunctivitis Treatment - Allergic means that there is an allergic reaction. Conjunctivitis is the top layer that covers the white part of your eyes. Conjunctivitis is an infection of the eyes commonly known as "pink eye". It is most often caused by a virus but can also be caused by bacteria. Allergic conjunctivitis means that there is an allergic reaction on the surface of the eyes.

 

Symptoms of the eye include:

• Redness, irritation, itchiness; may produce lots of tears
• Clear or yellow discharge that may make the eyelids stick together, especially in the morning
• Swelling of eyelids

How does it happen?

What is Trachoma: Causes, Prevention, and Treatment

Trachoma is an infectious eye disease that can eventually cause blindness if left untreated. Infection of the eyes with the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis usually occurs in childhood, but infected people generally do not develop severe sight problems until adulthood. It is therefore essential that you are able to identify the early signs of the disease and treat patients appropriately in order to avoid severe complications developing later in life.

First, we will describe the infectious agents that cause trachoma, their modes of transmission and the clinical manifestations of the disease. This knowledge will enable you to identify people with symptoms, grade the signs according to a classification of severity, and decide whether you should treat patients yourself or refer them to a health centre or hospital. Then you will learn how to give health education about trachoma and its prevention in your community.

What causes trachoma?