Irregular Menstruation: Causes and Treatment

Irregular Menstruation - Menstruation is a healthy experience of a women’s life, and it must come habitually every 28 days, for a period of 3-4 days without coagulating, and the blood loss should correspond to about a quarter of a cup. For a woman, menstrual cycle is a virtuous indicator of her overall wellbeing. Some women get irregular periods that appear at longer intervals, an unpredictable discrepancy in the duration of the cycle and the normal twenty-eight day cycle is missing. Some women have very insignificant problems with menstrual cycles, while others experience a monthly torture.

Irregular menses is typical in early puberty and not generally perturbing. Women should be alarmed when periods are spaced out for more than two months, as this may suggest hormonal imbalance and ovulation problems. A woman’s customary hormonal cycle is contingent upon a subtle equilibrium between different hormones. Several potential triggers can stimulate hormonal imbalance leading to irregular menses. 

Intestinal Worms: Caused, Treatment, and Prevention

Intestinal Worms - Infection by intestinal parasitic worms (geohelminths) is widespread throughout the world, affecting millions of people.  Children are particularly susceptible and typically have the largest number of worms, which cause a number of health problems; making them unwell, affecting their physical and mental development, and affecting their attendance and performance at school.

WHAT PROBLEMS DO THEY CAUSE?

As numbers of worms build up over time, many of the health problems caused by these worms are chronic and can be long lasting.  The worms can cause malnutrition, as they rob the body of food through loss of appetite so the children eat less, or through stopping the food being absorbed properly once it has been eaten.  Children with chronic worm infections and large numbers of worms may be stunted and underweight.  Heavy infections with roundworm can also cause bowel obstruction. 

Intestinal worms can also contribute to anaemia, especially hookworm, which causes bleeding in the intestines and loss of blood.  The larger the number of worms, the more likely they are to make the children ill, which can also lead to the children  missing school, and doing less well when they are at school.  Chronic infections can lead to long term retardation of mental and physical development, and in very severe infections, even death.

HOW DO PEOPLE BECOME INFECTED WITH WORMS?

Amenorrhea Diagnosed and Treatment

Amenorrhea may be defined as the absence of menstruation for 3 or more month in women with past menses (designated secondary amenorrhea) or the absence of menarche (i.e., the onset of menses) by the age of 16 years in girls who have never menstruated (termed primary amenorrhea). The term postpill amenorrhea is often used to refer to women who do not menstruate within 3 month of discontinuing oral contraceptives. The absence of menstruation is physiologic in prepubertal girls, during pregnancy and lactation, and following the menopause.

Etiology Of Amenorrhea

a) Anatomic abnormalities of the genital tract that prevent or obstruct menstrual bleeding include developmental anomalies (e.g., transverse vaginal septum), intrauterine adhesions (Asherman syndrome), or cervical obstruction (stenosis).

Abnormal Uterine Bleeding: Diagnosed and Treatment

What is Abnormal Period 

The menstrual history is critical to the diagnosis of abnormal bleeding. The first day of the last menstrual periods should be determined. Age of onset of menses (menarche) is also obtained, and the patient should be asked to quantify whether she considers  her flow to be light, moderate, or heavy; some assessment of menstrual blood loss should be obtained if the patient states that her flow is heavy. 

The patient may be asked to estimate the total number of pads or tampons used during a menstrual period or to estimate the frequency with which they require changing. In addition, patients should be asked about any bleeding between periods, and an effort should be made to determine whether the bleeding, even if regular, is associated with ovulation. The latter can be assessed by inquiring about the presence of regular moliminal symptoms, including premenstrual breast tenderness, bloating, premenstrual syndrome, and dysmenorrhea.

Effects of Abortion on The Adolescent

The Psychological Effects of Abortion on the Adolescent

Pre abortion Psychological Effects 

Teenagers that face an abortion show different psychological symptoms or disorders than those that have gone through with an abortion. Teenagers facing the crisis of the decision as to whether to choose an abortion or not is often influenced by concerns for the physical changes that may take place in their body (Reisser 1999: 193). 

 

An unwanted pregnancy causes an internal distress with the fear of rejection from parents as well as the social stigmatism that goes with being a teenager and pregnant (Engelbrecht 2005: 9). There is also the social dilemma’s that face society in terms of normative behavior of having a child out of wedlock. The teenager may also want to seek the quickest and easiest way out of the crisis without perceiving the possible consequences because of the nature of the crisis (Hyam 2002: 3).

Post Abortion Psychological Effects 

Conjunctivitis Treatment, Caused and Symptoms

Conjunctivitis Treatment - Allergic means that there is an allergic reaction. Conjunctivitis is the top layer that covers the white part of your eyes. Conjunctivitis is an infection of the eyes commonly known as "pink eye". It is most often caused by a virus but can also be caused by bacteria. Allergic conjunctivitis means that there is an allergic reaction on the surface of the eyes.

 

Symptoms of the eye include:

• Redness, irritation, itchiness; may produce lots of tears
• Clear or yellow discharge that may make the eyelids stick together, especially in the morning
• Swelling of eyelids

How does it happen?

What is Trachoma: Causes, Prevention, and Treatment

Trachoma is an infectious eye disease that can eventually cause blindness if left untreated. Infection of the eyes with the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis usually occurs in childhood, but infected people generally do not develop severe sight problems until adulthood. It is therefore essential that you are able to identify the early signs of the disease and treat patients appropriately in order to avoid severe complications developing later in life.

First, we will describe the infectious agents that cause trachoma, their modes of transmission and the clinical manifestations of the disease. This knowledge will enable you to identify people with symptoms, grade the signs according to a classification of severity, and decide whether you should treat patients yourself or refer them to a health centre or hospital. Then you will learn how to give health education about trachoma and its prevention in your community.

What causes trachoma?

Celiac Disease Symptoms, Diagnosed, and Treatment

Celiac Disease Symptoms - Celiac Disease is an inherited autoimmune disorder that results in inflammation and/or damage of the absorptive surfaces of the small intestine. The response occurs with the ingestion of a protein called Gluten, typically found in wheat, rye, and barley.  The response can be activated by stress, viral infection, pregnancy, illness or surgery.

• Celiac Disease is also known as gluten sensitive enteropathy, sprue or celiac sprue.  The prevalence is 1 out of 133 people in the United States according to the Center for Celiac Research at the University of Maryland.  This equates to 1.5 million Americans, with only 15,000 diagnosed or 1% of population.  

• Occurrence in people with a first-degree relative (parent, child) is 1 in 22.  It occurs in 70% of identical twin pairs, but both twins may not get the disease. 

• 97% of people with celiac disease have the genetic markers Human Leucocyte antigen (HLA) DQ2 and / or DQ8.  30% of the U.S. population has DQ2 or DQ8 alleles.

• Type 1 diabetes and celiac disease are found on the same region of a specific HLA gene.  This is also a location for many other autoimmune diseases.

Symptoms of Celiac Disease:

What is Cholera: Causes, Diagnosed and Prevention

What Is Cholera

Cholera is an acute infectious disease, characterised by profuse watery diarrhoea. It is caused by a Gram-negative bacterium: Vibrio cholerae O1 (the characters O1 indicate the serogroup). It is a very small, motile, curved bacterium (vibrio is the Greek word for comma). There is a single polar flagellum. Various subtypes exist, with classification according to biological and biochemical behaviour (biotypes) and serological characteristics (serotypes). 

Analysis of rRNA-genes (ribotyping), electrophoretic typing of multiple enzymes (zymovars) and bacteriophage typing are used in epidemiological research. Until 1992 it was thought that bacteria causing cholera must belong to V. cholerae, serogroup O1 and that they must be toxicogenic (must possess and express the genes for toxins). 

Insomnia Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

What is insomnia? 
Having insomnia means you often have trouble falling or staying asleep or going back to sleep if you awaken. Insomnia can be either a short-term or a long-term problem. Insomnia affects 1 in 3 adults every year in the US.

Insomnia symptoms
Symptoms include:

• trouble falling asleep (taking longer than 45 minutes)
• awakening often in the night
• waking up early in the morning and being unable to go back to sleep
• not feeling rested in the morning or feeling tired during the day
• restlessness or anxiety as bedtime approaches.

Vaginitis Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

What is Vaginitis?

• Vaginitis is an inflammation of the vagina that can cause a discharge, itching or pain.

• Vaginitis is an infection or irritation in and around your vagina.

Causes

Anything that infects or irritates your vagina can cause vaginitis. Sometimes sexual activity can cause vaginitis, either because of irritation or infection. Yeast infections and bacterial infections that are not sexually transmitted can cause vaginitis. Irritation from chemicals such as douches, soaps, bubble bath and spermicides can cause vaginitis. There are a few different types of vaginitis and the causes are a little different:

Cervical Cancer Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

What is Cervical Cancer?

• Cervical cancer occurs when there is an abnormal growth of cells in the cervix that grow uncontrollably and have the ability to destroy normal body tissue. 
• Older women are most at risk for developing cervical cancer. 
• Each year, more than 12,000 women in the US find out that they have cervical cancer, and approximately 4,000 die from it.

Causes

• Various strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually transmitted virus, are responsible for the majority of cervical cancer cases. 
• The immune system in most women prevents the virus from doing harm, but in some women it can survive for years before it eventually converts some cells on the surface into cancer cells.

Anemia Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

Anemia is a blood disorder that is defined as:

• a level of red blood cells (RBCs) that is below normal, or
• a level of hemoglobin that is below normal (hemoglobin is the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells).

There are several forms of anemia, such as:

• iron deficiency anemia
• hemolytic anemia (destruction of RBCs)
• vitamin B-12 deficiency anemia
• folic acid deficiency anemia
• anemias caused by inherited abnormalities of RBCs (for example, sickle cell anemia and thalassemia)
• anemia caused by chronic (ongoing) disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis.

Goiter Symptoms, Signs, and Treatment

What is Goiter

Goiter is Enlargement of the thyroid gland causing a swelling in the front part of the neck

Etiology:

1. is a non-specific indication of thyroid pathology

2. there are many causes for thyroid enlargement:

a.     Grave’s disease (hyperthyroidism)

b.     Plummer’s disease (toxic multinodular goiter)

c.      toxic adenoma

d.     silent thyroiditis

e.     hypothyroidism

f.      congenital goiter (this can occur with or without hypothyroidism and is classified into tyypes based upon the causative defect: Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, subacute thyroiditis (aka. DeQuervain’s thyroiditis), euthryoid goiter (aka. Non-toxic nodular goiter, simple/endemic/non-toxic diffuse goiter)

Inguinal Hernia Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

What is an inguinal hernia?

When a baby boy is growing in the womb, the testicles first grow in his abdomen.  As the baby develops, the testicles travel down a tunnel into the scrotum.  (In little girls, this tunnel also exists).  Occasionally, this opening (called a processus vaginalis) does not close, leaving an opening from the abdomen into the inguinal canal where a piece of bowel or an ovary can get trapped.

Sore Throat Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

Sore throats can be caused by many things. Viruses (such as those that cause colds and mononucleosis) can lead to a sore throat. Bacteria (such as those that cause strep throat) can also cause a sore throat, as can smoking, breathing polluted air and allergies to pet dander, pollens and molds.

What is tonsillitis? 

Tonsillitis is when the tonsils (at the back of your mouth on each side of your throat) become infected by bacteria or a virus. It causes the tonsils to swell and can cause a sore throat and other symptoms. Signs of strep throat and tonsillitis are often alike (see the box below).

Cough Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

Cough is the commonest respiratory symptom, indeed it is probably the commonest of all symptoms which results in a consultation.  The ten yearly morbidity Statistics in General Practice Survey reveal that consultation for cough and upper respiratory tract infection outweighs any other presenting condition by an order of magnitude.  

In the UK the market for cough remedies, most of which are at best poorly effective, is ten million pounds, whereas in the USA the cough/cold market is a staggering thousand million dollars.  This massive health care burden is poorly understood in terms of etiological mechanisms and is very poorly treated, even with those drugs currently available.  Because of a lack of knowledge of the pharmacology of these agents many patients are under treated. 

Malignant Tumour: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

Malignant tumour is a prostate cancer of the prostate gland. Early malignant tumour s are contained within the prostate gland and are called localised cancers. Spread of the cancer to the surrounding tissues is known as extracapsular spread, and these tumours are described as being locally advanced.

There is a collection of small lymph glands near the prostate that are part of the lymphatic system – one of the body’s natural defences against infection. Lymph glands filter out bacteria and other harmful agents. A network of very thin lymph vessels connects the major lymph glands in the abdomen, pelvis, groin, neck and armpits. Cancer that develops in the prostate may spread (or metastasise) via the lymphatic system or blood stream to other parts of the body, such as the bones.

Gluten Allergy: Causes, Diagnosed and Symptoms

Celiac disease is a gluten allergy, it is only one form of gluten allergy. Many people can react to gluten & can have elevated serum antigliadin antibodies, but have no damage to the small intestine. (These people have a negative biopsy of the small intestine, as well as antiendomysial antibody & tissue transglutaminase 

What is gluten? 

Gluten is a protein which is found in wheat, rye, barley & oats, (& is responsible for the springiness or stretchiness of bread). Some people may be sensitive to gluten, or have complete intolerance in the digestive tract which can be controlled by diet.

Body Odor: Causes and Home Remedy

Body odor is the unpleasant smell which comes from a person's body, beacuse of the bacteria growing on it. The notion amongst people that perspiration or sweating causes body odor is wrong. It may surprise you, but it is not perspiration that causes leads to body odor, but the bacteria that gets accumulated on the skin. 

The bacteria release unpleasant smelling chemicals, which, in turn, cause body odor. These bacteria multiply rapidly in the presence of sweat and this is why, people smell more when they perspire. Using deodorants only worsen the situation as it contains various toxic chemicals, which further aggravate the problem. However, the problem of body odor can be sorted out by resorting to home remedies. Read on to how to cure the problem of body odor naturally.

Women and Depression: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

Women and Depression - Depression is a common but serious illness, and most who have it need treatment to get better. Depression affects both men and women, but more women than men are likely to be diagnosed with depression in any given year.1 Efforts to explain this difference are ongoing, as researchers explore certain factors (biological, social, etc.) that are unique to women.

When a woman has a depressive disorder, it interferes with daily life and normal functioning, and causes pain for both the woman with the disorder and those who care about her.  Many women with a depressive illness never seek treatment. But the vast majority, even those with the most severe depression, can get better with treatment.

What are the basic symptoms of depression?

Lupus Symptoms, Causes, and Diagnosed

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or lupus is a condition of chronic inflammation caused by an autoimmune disease. Autoimmune diseases are illnesses that occur when the body's tissues are attacked by its own immune system. One of the mechanisms that the immune system uses to fight infections is the production of antibodies. 

Patients with lupus produce abnormal antibodies in their blood that target tissues within their own body rather than foreign infectious agents. Because the antibodies and accompanying cells of inflammation can involve tissues anywhere in the body, lupus has the potential to affect a variety of areas of the body. Sometimes lupus can cause disease of the skin, heart, lungs, kidneys, joints, and/or nervous system. When only the skin is involved, the condition is called discoid lupus. When internal organs are involved, the condition is called systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Its cause:

Diarrhea Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

Diarrhea is the sudden increase in the frequency and looseness of bowel movements (BMs). Mild diarrhea is the passage of a few loose or mushy BMs. Severe diarrhea is the passage of many watery BMs. The best indicator of the severity of the diarrhea is its frequency.

The main complication of diarrhea is dehydration from the loss of too much body fluid. Symptoms of dehydration are a dry mouth, the absence of tears, infrequent urination (for example, none in 12 hours), and a darker, concentrated urine. The main goal of diarrhea treatment is to prevent dehydration.

What is the cause? 

Malaria Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

Malaria is a serious, sometimes fatal, disease caused by a parasite that is transmitted from one person to another through the bite of the Anopheline mosquito (a female Anopheles mosquito). 

(A parasite is an organism that grows, feeds, and is sheltered on or in a different organism while contributing nothing to the survival of its host.) Malaria parasites are so small that they can only be seen under a microscope. They feed on the blood cells, multiply inside them and destroy them.

The parasite that causes malaria is a protozoan (one-celled organism) called plasmodium (plaz-MO-dee-um).  Four types of the plasmodium parasite can infect humans:

• P. falciparum (fal-SIP-a-rum)
• P. vivax (VI-vacks)
• P. ovale (o-VOL-ley)
• P. malariae (ma-LER-ee-aa)

How common is malaria?

Mouth Ulcer: Causes and Home Remedies

Mouth ulcer are an extremely common condition, estimated to affect 20 percent of the population.  These single or clustered, shallow, painful ulcers are found anywhere in the oral cavity (mouth).  Lesions are from 1 mm to 15 mm in diameter, have fairly even borders, and are surrounded by a reddened border and are often covered by a white membrane.  They usually resolve in 7 to 21 days

Mouth ulcers refer to the small white spot on the inside of the cheek, the tongue or clustered on the inner side of the lip. They are also known as canker sores. In severe cases the person is not able to drink and eat anything.

Causes of Mouth Ulcers

Wisdom Teeth Removal: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

Wisdom Teeth Removal - Wisdom teeth because they emerge later in life, the upper and lower third molars generally cause problems because there is not enough room in the mouth for them to erupt, or break through the gum, into a normal position. As a result, the molars are impacted in the gum or bone.

Wisdom teeth may need to be removed for a number of reasons. The most common reason,

• When only a small portion of the tooth breaks through the gum, making cleaning difficult. Bacteria can get under the gum and cause inflammation and infection.

• When wisdom teeth are in malposition, or come in crooked, they can cause bone loss, tooth decay or loss of the teeth in front of them. Upper wisdom teeth that point outwards can also cause the patient to frequently bite their cheeks, possibly resulting in an ulceration of the cheek tissue.

  Reasons to have your wisdom teeth Removed

Lactose Intolerance Symtoms, Diagnosed, and Treatment

Lactose Intolerance Symtoms - Lactose is the sugar found in the milk of animals. Lactose intolerance is the inability to digest the lactose in milk and milk products. Lactase intolerance is the most common food intolerance in the world. 

What are the symptoms of lactose intolerance?

Symptoms differ from patient to patient. The most common symptoms are gas, diarrhea, abdominal distension, cramping, and generalized abdominal pain. 

How is lactose intolerance diagnosed?

The two common methods of diagnosing lactose intolerance are the lactose tolerance test and the hydrogen breath test.

For the lactose tolerance test, you drink a large amount of a sweet drink containing lactose. If the lactose is not completely absorbed, your blood glucose level will not rise as it would in people with normal lactose tolerance. A low increase in blood glucose is indicative of lactose intolerance.

Long Term Effects of Alcohol: Livers and etc

Liver and alcohol - Our livers make a special substance that breaks down alcohol and burns it as fuel.  However, alcohol exhausts the livers ability to do this and too much too often can damage the liver permanently. The liver carries out many important functions and it is impossible to live without this organ.  It stores glycogen, breaking it down into glucose that is then released inot the bloodstream providing energy.

It also processes fats and proteins from digested food, produces essential clotting substances, removes poisons and toxins from the body and produces bile that passes into the gut and helps with the digestion of fats.

Swollen Feet (Edema): Causes and Treatment

Swollen Feet (Edema) - Edema, or swelling on the top of the feet and around the ankles is the result of accumulation of fluid in fatty tissue under the skin. The tissue is in effect bloated, making your skin feel tight. When pressed with a finger tip, the edema forms an impression that persists for a while. If you notice your feet are frequently swollen, don't hesitate to see a physician. 

One cause of increased edema is a decline in the strength of the heart: water can no longer be eliminated as quickly and collects in the tissues of the feet. Kidney disease, as well as bacterial toxins, leaky capillary walls and hormonal changes, can also result in excess water retention. Obesity, over exertion, too much salt in the diet and inappropriate footwear are other causes of edema. Serious disorders, even food allergies, should be ruled out before choosing from a number of natural remedies. Among them, reflexology, a foot massage technique, has been found successful in the treatment of edema.

Sprained Ankle: Caused and Treatment

Sprained Ankle - There’s a good chance that while playing as a child or stepping on an uneven surface as an adult you sprained your ankle--some 25,000 people do it every day. Sometimes, a sprain is just an awkward moment when you lose your balance with pain that quickly fades away and you go on your way. But the sprain could be more severe; your ankle might swell and it might hurt too much to stand on it. If it’s a severe sprain, you might have felt a "pop" when the injury happened. 

A sprained ankle means one or more ligaments on the outside of your ankle were stretched or torn. If it is not treated properly, you could have long-term problems. You’re most likely to sprain your ankle when you have your toes on the ground and heel up (plantar flexion). This position puts your ankle’s ligaments under tension, making them vulnerable. A sudden force like landing on an uneven surface may turn your ankle inward (inversion). When this happens, one, two or three of your ligaments may be hurt. 

About Acne: Causes and Treatment

Acne is a common skin disease that causes pimples. Pimples form when hair follicles under your skin clog up. Most pimples form on the face, neck, back, chest and shoulders. Acne is not serious, but it can cause scars.

No one knows exactly what causes acne. Hormone changes, such as those during the teenage years and pregnancy, probably play a role. There are many myths about what causes acne. Chocolate and greasy foods are often blamed, but there is little evidence that foods have much effect on acne in most people. Another common myth is that dirty skin causes acne; however, blackheads and pimples are not caused by dirt. Stress doesn't cause acne, but stress can make it worse.

Tips How To Make Hair More Beautiful and Shine

Tips How To Make Hair More Beautiful and Shine - Every person in this world would want to have a beautiful and healthy hair, both men and women. So the key to having beautiful hair is always keeping the hair's natural moisture. its right if hair care is not easy if the friend does not understand and recognize the type of hair. Before you pass hair care should familiarize yourself with the type of hair buddy so as to facilitate care for properly.

To make the hair does not look dry and dull you should use condisioner shampioo and in accordance with all the hair buddy. Condisioner menggunkan can be made of natural materials. So that my friend does not need to do at the salon hair care enough to spend. Hm ... enough savings is not it?? Here is how to treat the hair and natural hair care tips: 

Stomach Ulcer (Gastric Ulcer): Symptoms, Diagnosed, and Treatment

A stomach ulcer, also called a gastric ulcer, is a raw area or open sore in the lining of the stomach.

How does it occur? 

The stomach's lining has a protective layer of cells that produce mucus. The mucus prevents the stomach from being injured by stomach acids and digestive juices. When this protective layer is damaged, an ulcer may occur.

Stomach ulcers may develop from:

• the presence of bacteria called Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), the most common cause of stomach ulcers
• decreased resistance of the lining of the stomach to stomach acid
• increased production of stomach acid.

Stomach ulcers are more likely to occur in people who:

Migraine Headache: Symptoms, Diagnosed, and Treatment

A migraine headache is a special kind of headache that can last for hours to days. It can cause intense pain as well as other symptoms, such as feeling sick to your stomach or having changes in your vision.

How does it occur? 

For years migraine headaches were thought to be caused when blood vessels in the head contract and then swell, producing pain. Recent research suggests that certain substances or events trigger an imbalance of brain chemicals (neurotransmitters).

Common migraine triggers include:

• stress
• tiredness
• changes in the weather
• certain foods, such as wine, cheese, or chocolate
• MSG or food preservatives, such as nitrates
• red wine
• bright lights.

Diabetes and Pregnancy: Risk and Treatment

Diabetes and Pregnancy - Diabetes that develops during pregnancy is known as gestational diabetes. It usually starts in the middle or towards the end of your pregnancy, rarely before 20 weeks of pregnancy. It occurs because your body cannot produce enough insulin to meet its extra needs in pregnancy. It may start earlier in pregnancy if you already have problems with your blood glucose levels.

Your healthcare team should give you information about gestational diabetes and how it may affect you and your baby before offering to check for gestational diabetes.

Checking for gestational diabetes during pregnancy 

Certain characteristics can indicate that some women are more likely than others to develop gestational diabetes during their pregnancy. At your booking appointment your healthcare team will check if:

Alcohol Effects: Alcohol and Stroke

Alcohol Effects: Alcohol and Stroke - This factsheet explains how regularly drinking more alcohol than the recommended levels can increase your risk of stroke. It includes tips on keeping track of how much you drink and reducing your intake, and lists sources of information and support.    

What is alcohol and how is it measured?

Alcoholic drinks are made when grains, fruits or vegetables are put through a process called fermentation. This produces cider, beer and wine. After fermentation, a further process called distillation is used to produce spirits such as gin, whisky and vodka. 

Alcohol strength is measured in percentage of alcohol by volume (per cent ABV). The higher the ABV, the stronger the drink is. Beers and ciders typically contain between 3.5% per cent and 9 per cent ABV while wine is usually between 12 per cent and 14 per cent ABV. Spirits typically contain 40 per cent ABV. 

Influenza Symptoms, Causes, and Prevention

Influenza Symptoms, Causes, and Prevention - Influenza is a highly infectious respiratory illness caused by a virus, which affects the nose, throat, and lungs. It is transmitted by person-to-person contact or through the air by coughing or sneezing. Influenza symptoms primarily include a sudden onset of fever of 100 to 103° F, exhaustion, headaches and muscle aches that are often severe, and coughing. A person will have tiredness and/or weakness through the duration of the illness for up to two weeks. Other symptoms may include sneezing, sore throat and runny nose.

The most common symptoms of influenza are an abrupt onset of fever, shivering, headache, muscle ache and dry cough. Most people confuse influenza with a heavy cold, however influenza is usually a more severe illness than the common cold, which is caused by other respiratory viruses such as rhinovirus.

Asthma Causes and Diagnosed

Asthma Causes and Diagnosed - Asthma is a chronic lung disease characterized by recurrent breathing problems and symptoms such as breathlessness, wheezing, chest tightness, and coughing. During normal breathing, air flows freely into and out of the lungs. But when asthma is not under control, the airways of the lungs are thick, swollen, and inflamed. The airways become overly sensitive to environmental changes, and an asthma attack can happen easily. During an asthma attack, the lining of the airways swells, muscles around the airways tighten, and mucus clogs the tiny airways in the lungs, making breathing difficult.

Asthma symptoms vary from hour to hour, from day to day, from week to week, and over months. They are often worse at night and in the early hours of the morning. The severity of asthma also varies from individual to individual.

Social Phobia Causes and Treatment

Social Phobia Causes and Treatment - Social phobia, also called social anxiety, is a disorder characterized by overwhelming anxiety and excessive self-consciousness in everyday social situations. People with social phobia have a persistent, intense, and chronic fear of being watched and judged by others and of being embarrassed or humiliated by their own actions. Their fear may be so severe that it interferes with work or school - and other ordinary activities. While many people with social phobia recognize that their fear of being around people may be excessive or unreasonable, they are unable to overcome it. They often worry for days or weeks in advance of a dreaded situation.

Childhood Obesity Causes and Prevention

Childhood obesity is a serious problem that puts children at risk for other health problems. Children who carry too much body fat for their bodies are considered obese. Eating too much food and not getting enough physical activity can lead to being too heavy. Sometimes culture and beliefs can also affect a child’s weight. 

Some cultures or family members believe a heavy child means a strong child and will give the child more food then what the child needs. Provide your child with healthy foods that do not have a lot of fat, sugar, and salt and make sure your child gets plenty of physical activity everyday to keep the body strong.

Definition of Cancer That You Must Know

Cancer is abnormal growth of cells in a part of the body. Although there are many kinds of cancer, they all start because of out-of-control growth of abnormal cells.

Cancer cells develop because of damage to DNA. This substance is in every cell and directs all activities. Most of the time when DNA becomes damaged the body is able to repair it. In cancer cells, the damaged DNA is not repaired. Cancer usually forms as a tumor. Some cancers, like leukemia, do not form tumors.

Cancer cells travel to other parts of the body where they begin to grow and replace normal tissue. This process is called metastasis. Benign (noncancerous) tumors do not spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body and, with very rare exceptions, are not life threatening.

Top 5 Breast Cancer Myths

Ask any woman what disease she most fears, and she's likely to say it's breast cancer. Ask her what the number-one killer of women is, and her answer will probably be the same. She'd be wrong.

Among the most lethal diseases of women in the United States, breast cancer ranks sixth, after heart disease, other cancers, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary (lung) diseases, and pneumonia/influenza. Women are eight times more likely to die of heart disease than breast cancer. Even as cancers go, breast cancer's not the deadliest form. Lung cancer kills twice as many women every year as cancer of the breast.

But breast cancer does kill more women age 35 to 54 than any other disease, and therein lies one big reason why it's a woman's worst nightmare.

Dangers of Smoking

Dangers of Smoking - Smoking is not something that is advantageous, because in cigarettes more substances that are not good for the body. In 4000 contained in cigarette smoke chemicals hazardous to health, the two of them is that nicotine is addictive and carcinogenic tar. Toxins and carcinogens that arise from the burning of tobacco can lead to cancer. At first cigarette contains 8-20 mg of nicotine and nicotine after being burned into the blood circulation is only 25%. However a small number of these have just 15 seconds to get to the human brain.

Nicotine convey the human brain when it will cause feelings of pleasure, and stimulate the dopaminergic system. The result of smokers would feel better, feels more brilliant intellect, and to suppress hunger. While in the adrenergic pathway, these substances will activate the adrenergic system in the brain that secrete serotonin locus ceruleus. Increased serotonin provoking pleasure with a desire for a cigarette again. This is why smokers leave smoking is very difficult, because it has a dependency on nicotine.